Military Rule, Electoral Deficiencies and Democratic Learning-Curves: Reviewing Nigeria’s Electoral Odyssey since 1999

Abstract

Since the end of military rule in Nigeria in 1999, the nation has embarked on a complex electoral journey characterized by significant challenges and evolving democratic practices. This paper critically reviews Nigeria's electoral odyssey, emphasizing the interplay between military governance, electoral deficiencies, and the evolving democratic learning curves that have shaped the political landscape. The transition to democracy initially ignited hopes for improved political representation and governance; however, the persistence of electoral malpractices, including rigging, violence, and systemic corruption, has undermined the integrity of elections. Through an analysis of electoral data, historical trends, and case studies of key electoral events, this study highlights how Nigeria's political history has influenced contemporary electoral practices. The findings reveal a pattern of electoral deficiencies that have, paradoxically, created opportunities for democratic learning. Citizens and civil society organizations have increasingly mobilized to demand electoral integrity, leading to the introduction of reforms aimed at enhancing transparency and accountability within the electoral process. Furthermore, the role of the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) has evolved, reflecting a growing recognition of the need for independence and professionalism in managing elections. The paper argues that while Nigeria's path towards consolidating democracy is fraught with challenges, the active engagement of citizens and stakeholders provides a foundation for gradual improvement in electoral practices. Drawing on comparative experiences from other emerging democracies, the study presents recommendations for strengthening Nigeria's electoral framework. By fostering a culture of accountability and civic participation, Nigeria can move closer to realizing the democratic aspirations envisioned at the dawn of the Fourth Republic. This research contributes to the broader discourse on electoral integrity and democratic development in Africa, offering insights into the critical interplay between historical legacies and contemporary governance challenges. Ultimately, it posits that Nigeria’s electoral odyssey exemplifies not just the struggles of a nation in search of democratic consolidation, but also the potential for meaningful learning and evolution within its political system.