IDENTITY POLITICS AND THE CHALLENGE OF NATIONAL INTEGRATION IN NIGERIA, 1999-2023

Abstract

This study explores the relationship between identity politics and national integration in Nigeria from 1999 to 2023, focusing on the ways ethnic, religious, and regional affiliations influence governance, security, and economic development. Nigeria’s political landscape has long been shaped by identity-based mobilization, leading to persistent challenges in national unity. The research examines how the zoning system, federal character principle, and quota policies have contributed to political alienation and inefficiencies in governance. Using a qualitative historical analysis, the study draws from secondary sources such as books, journal articles, and government reports. The findings reveal that identity politics has intensified ethnic tensions, weakened national cohesion, and fueled conflicts such as Boko Haram insurgency, IPOB secessionist movements, and regional militancy. While initiatives like the NYSC and constitutional amendments have aimed at fostering integration, their effectiveness has been limited. The study concludes that addressing Nigeria’s identity politics requires policies that emphasize meritocracy, social justice, and inclusive governance over ethnic patronage.