THE ROLE OF RIVERINE TRADE IN SHAPING INTERGROUP RELATIONS IN THE NIGER-BENUE CONFLUENCE REGION UP TO 1900

Abstract

The confluence of the Niger and Benue rivers served as a vital nexus for trade, connecting diverse ethnic groups such as the Nupe, Igala, Ebira, Bassa, Oworo and other ethnic groups in the region. This study explores how riverine trade along the Niger and Benue Rivers shaped intergroup relations in the area before the colonial intervention. The confluence region was a bustling hub of commercial activity, where various ethnic groups engaged in extensive trade, the rivers served as vital transportation corridors, helping the exchange of goods such as salt, craft items, livestock and agricultural products. Using a qualitative research approach which entails the analysis of historical data obtained from primary and secondary sources gathered from books, journals, archival records and interviews, the study revealed that riverine trade became conduits for cultural exchange, the diffusion of religious practices, and intermarriages, which helped in creating strong social and political ties. The fluid movement of goods and people along the rivers strengthened inter-ethnic alliances and promoted cooperation in maintaining trade networks and securing routes. However, competition over control of strategic trade points occasionally led to tensions and conflicts as key riverine settlements became centres of power, and groups that controlled these areas often dominated regional trade, leading to rivalries over access and influence. Despite these challenges, riverine trade generally acted as a stabilizing force, balancing economic interests with social relationships. The findings underscore the importance of trade as a catalyst for intergroup relations, shaping the political and social dynamics of the region before 1900.