DEMOCRACY AND INTER-ETHNIC RELATIONS IN NIGERIA, ISSUES AND CHALLENGES, 1999–2023

Abstract

Nigeria’s democracy has been significantly influenced by inter-ethnic relations, shaping governance, political participation, and national integration. This study examines the relationship between democracy and inter-ethnic relations in Nigeria from 1999 to 2023, focusing on how ethnic diversity affects political stability, governance, and national cohesion. The research explores theoretical perspectives on democracy and ethnicity, patterns of ethnic influence on democratic governance, challenges of inter-ethnic relations, and strategies for fostering national unity. Using qualitative analysis of secondary sources, including scholarly publications, government reports, and case studies, the study finds that while democracy has provided opportunities for ethnic groups to participate in governance, it has also reinforced ethnic rivalries due to weak institutions, electoral manipulation, and economic inequalities. The study recommends political restructuring, equitable representation, inter-ethnic education, strong democratic institutions, and inclusive economic policies as key strategies for fostering national integration in a multi-ethnic democracy. Strengthening electoral credibility, promoting judicial independence, and implementing decentralization reforms are crucial for ensuring that Nigeria’s democracy promotes unity rather than deepening ethnic divisions.