THE POLITICS OF STATE SURVIVAL AND THE CHALLENGES OF NATION-BUILDING IN POST-COLONIAL NIGERIA

Abstract

Since gaining independence in 1960, Nigeria has grappled with the twin challenges of state survival and nation-building. The country inherited weak institutions, deep ethnic and religious divisions, and an economy vulnerable to external pressures. While state survival requires political stability, territorial integrity, and national sovereignty, persistent issues such as ethno-religious conflicts, governance deficits, and economic instability continue to threaten its cohesion. Similarly, nation-building, aimed at fostering a shared national identity, remains an elusive goal due to historical divisions and governance failures. This study explores the interplay between state survival and nation-building in Nigeria, identifying governance contradictions, political instability, and socio-economic disparities as key impediments. The research employs a qualitative methodology, drawing on historical analysis and secondary data to assess governance structures and national integration efforts. Anchored in the post-colonial state theory, the study interrogates how colonial legacies and institutional weaknesses shape Nigeria’s present challenges. The findings reveal that the lack of inclusive governance, weak institutional frameworks, and economic inequality exacerbate national disunity and instability. The study underscores the significance of political restructuring, equitable governance, and sustainable economic policies in addressing these issues. It concludes that meaningful reforms—centered on decentralization, participatory governance, and inclusive economic development—are essential for national cohesion and long-term stability. To this end, the study recommends constitutional reforms to enhance federalism, policies that promote social inclusion, and economic strategies that reduce regional disparities. These measures are crucial in fostering a united and resilient Nigerian state.