WHY NIGERIA’S ELECTIONS’ OUTCOMES ARE ALWAYS DISPUTED: A CASE STUDY OF SELECTED PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES OF ELECTORAL DISPUTATIONS IN NIGERIA’S FOURTH REPUBLIC

Abstract

The paper focused on the intricate dynamics surrounding electoral disputes in Nigeria, particularly within the context of the Fourth Republic. This research aims to unravel the multifaceted causes of electoral disputes, analyzing both historical precedents and contemporary issues. The study seeks to address critical queries such as: What are the primary factors contributing to the frequent disputes in Nigeria's elections? How do these disputes impact the political landscape and public trust in the electoral process? What lessons can be drawn from past election experiences to inform future electoral reforms? The core objectives of this research include identifying the key causes of electoral disputes in Nigeria, evaluating the implications of these disputes on democracy and governance, and proposing actionable recommendations to enhance the integrity of the electoral process. By emphasizing the importance of citizens' trust and credible electoral outcomes, the study aims to contribute to the discourse on electoral reforms. The literature review encompasses various theories and previous studies concerning electoral integrity, governance, and conflict resolution. It examines the historical trajectory of Nigeria's electoral system, highlighting key events leading to disputes, such as the 2011, 2015, and 2019 elections. This section also critiques existing frameworks that assess electoral legitimacy and the socio-political contexts that exacerbate conflict during elections, including ethnic tensions, political violence, and systemic corruption. The research employs a combination of theories including the Social Contract Theory and the Political Culture Theory. These frameworks help in understanding the relationship between state legitimacy, citizens' expectations of fair elections, and the resultant disputes when these expectations are unmet. This theoretical approach emphasizes the role of political culture in shaping electoral behaviours and disputes in Nigeria's diverse society. Adopting a qualitative research methodology, the study utilizes case studies, including political analysts, party representatives, and civil society organizations. This approach allows for a nuanced understanding of the perceptions and lived experiences surrounding electoral disputes, providing rich qualitative data that support the research objectives. The findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive electoral reforms that address systemic challenges contributing to disputes. Key recommendations include the establishment of an independent electoral commission, improved voter education, and enhanced security measures during elections. By fostering a transparent and inclusive electoral process, Nigeria can work towards restoring public confidence in its democratic institutions and mitigating future electoral disputes. In summary, this paper offers critical insights into the recurrent issue of electoral disputes in Nigeria, highlighting the need for systemic changes to enhance the country's democratic governance and electoral integrity.