THE CHALLENGES OF NATIONHOOD AND STATE FORMATION IN NIGERIA’S FOURTH REPUBLIC

Abstract

Nigeria’s Fourth Republic, established in 1999, marked a significant transition from military rule to democratic governance. However, the nation continues to struggle with deep-rooted challenges in state-building, including ethnic tensions, institutional weaknesses, governance deficits, and security threats. These persistent issues hinder national cohesion and sustainable development. This study seeks to examine the complexities of Nigeria’s state-building process, focusing on the interplay between historical legacies, political structures, and socio-economic realities. Anchored in the Post-Colonial State Theory, the research explores how inherited colonial institutions and governance models have shaped contemporary political dynamics. Employing a qualitative methodology, the study analyzes historical and contemporary data to assess the impact of colonial structures on governance and national integration. The findings reveal that the persistence of colonial-era political arrangements, coupled with weak institutions and elite dominance, have perpetuated instability and governance inefficiencies. Additionally, the lack of inclusive governance and equitable resource distribution continue to fuel ethnic divisions and political discontent. The study underscores the urgent need for institutional reforms, stronger democratic structures, and inclusive governance to address these challenges. It recommends a deliberate effort to strengthen institutions, promote national dialogue, and enhance political accountability as essential steps toward sustainable state-building. By addressing these fundamental issues, Nigeria can foster a more stable and cohesive political landscape, paving the way for long-term national development.